Data-intensive applications such as video streaming, cloud computing, and virtual presence devices require data to be transmitted among chips, modules, and chassis via serial copper channels at tens of giga-bit-per-second (Gbps). The data rate of these links is limited by inter-symbol interference (ISI) arising from channel impairment such as finite bandwidth, reflection, and crosstalk. Al-though low-loss channels and low-reflection vias/connectors are highly desirable, they are costly.
Far-end channel equalization combats ISI by either amplifying the high-frequency components of received data symbols or removing post-cursors by subtracting estimated post-cursors from data symbols. The former is known as continuous-time linear equalization (CTLE) while the latter is termed nonlinear equalization. Since the effect of the imperfection of channels is entailed in data symbols received at the far end of the channels, post-equalization can be adjusted objectively to eliminate the effect of the impairments of the channels so as to achieve better channel equalization.
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